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Cosmetic Peat
Association

Research Library

108 sources on peat in medicine and cosmetics — peer-reviewed papers, clinical studies, reviews, conference material, and expert opinion. Not every source here is peer-reviewed; each entry's study type and evidence grade are shown below.

Evidence grades: A = systematic review/meta-analysis, B = controlled study, C = observational/review/expert opinion, D = uncontrolled or unpublished/non-peer-reviewed data
2026

Turba väärindamine meditsiini, taastusravi ja kosmeetikatööstuse toormena (Valorization of peat as raw material for medicine, rehabilitation, and cosmetics industry)

Hinn, Helena
cohort Grade C Rae Gümnaasium (supervised by Anneli Kontson and Mall Orru, Tallinn University of Technology)
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2026

Лечебные грязи: особенности морфогенеза и современные технологии применения в клинической практике (Peloids: morphogenetic characteristics and modern application technologies in clinical practice)

Kulikov, A.G.
review Grade B Russian Journal of Physiotherapy, Balneology and Rehabilitation
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2026

Integrated safety and microbiota profiling of fulvic acid formulations across in vitro and in vivo models

Szwed-Georgiou, A., Płociński, P., Włodarczyk, M. et al.
in-vitro Grade B Scientific Reports
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2025

Relevance of balneotherapy for back pain — a systematic literature review covering the past 5 years

Crevenna, Richard, Scheifinger, M.
review Grade B Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift
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2025

Biomedical Applications of Humic Substances: From Natural Biopolymers to Therapeutic Agents

Gvozdeva, Y., Peneva, P., Katsarov, P.
review Grade B Antioxidants
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2025

Relevance of balneotherapy for osteoarthritis — a systematic literature review covering the past 5 years

Keilani, Mohammad, Scheifinger, Julian, Crevenna, Richard
review Grade A Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift
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2025

Balneotherapy in dermatology and rheumatology: a systematic review

Kiereta, K., Cichowska, Z., Chmielowiec, L. et al.
review Grade D Quality in Sport
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2025

Development of a microalgal peloid for thermotherapeutic uses

Mourelle, M. Lourdes, Gómez, Carmen P., Martín de la Cruz, M.C. et al.
cohort Grade B International Journal of Biometeorology
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2025

Neuroimmunomodulation induced by mud-bath therapy: clinical benefits and bioregulation of the innate immune response

Ortega-Collazos, Eduardo, Otero, Eduardo, Torres-Piles, Silvia et al.
cohort Grade B International Journal of Biometeorology
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2025

Microvascular Responses in the Dermis and Muscles After Balneotherapy: Results from a Prospective Pilot Histological Study

Surdu, Traian Virgiliu
cohort Grade B Water
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2024

Potential Possibilities of Using Peat, Humic Substances, and Sulfurous Waters in Cosmetology

Błońska-Sikora, Ewelina, Klimek-Szczykutowicz, M.
review Grade B Applied Sciences
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2024

Advances in modern Balneology: new evidence-based indications from recent studies

Fioravanti, Antonella, Antonelli, M.
review Grade B International Journal of Biometeorology
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2024

Balneotherapy and thermal resort in dermatology

Gębka-Adamczyk, N., Głogowska-Szeląg, J., Adamczyk, J. et al.
review Grade D Acta Balneologica
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2024

Sphagnum cuspidatulum extract prevents acute kidney injury induced by high-fat diet and streptozotocin via alleviation of oxidative stress and apoptosis in pre-diabetic rats

Laorodphun, Pongrapee, Chaisen, Sutheera, Amattat, Sarocha et al.
in-vivo Grade B Frontiers in Pharmacology
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2024

Peloids in Skin Care and Cosmeceuticals

Mourelle, M., Gómez, C.P.
review Grade B Cosmetics
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2024

Microbiological and Physicochemical Analysis of Therapeutic Peat from Baikalsko Deposit, Radomir Municipality

Chipilska, L., Burnaska, Ir.
in-vitro Grade B
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2024

Balneotherapy (Mud-Bath Therapy) with a Peloid Enriched with Rosmarinic Acid Enhances Clinical Outcomes and Innate Immune Benefits in Elderly Patients with Osteoarthritis: A Pilot Study

Ortega-Collazos, Eduardo, Hinchado, María Dolores, Otero, Eduardo et al.
cohort Grade B Applied Sciences
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2024

Balneotherapy using thermal mineral water baths and dermatological diseases: a systematic review

Protano, C., Vitali, M.
review Grade A International Journal of Biometeorology
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2023

In Vitro and In Vivo Investigation of a Dual-Targeted Nanoemulsion Gel for the Amelioration of Psoriasis

Khan, R., Mirza, M.A., Aqil, M. et al.
in-vivo Grade C Gels
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2023

Ресурсосберегающие методики пелоидотерапии в реабилитации пациентов после микродискэктомии (Resource-saving peloidotherapy techniques in rehabilitation of patients after microdiscectomy)

Kulikov, A.G., Gaidukova, T.Yu., Lvova, N.V.
rct Grade B Russian Journal of Physiotherapy, Balneology and Rehabilitation
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2023

Thermal Therapy Modulation of the Psoriasis-Associated Skin and Gut Microbiome

Manara, Serena, Beghini, Francesco, Masetti, Giulia et al.
cohort Grade B Dermatology and Therapy
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2023

Fulvic Acid Attenuates Atopic Dermatitis by Downregulating CCL17/22

Wu, C., Lyu, A., Shan, S.
in-vivo Grade C Molecules
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2022

Biological Activity of Fulvic Acid: Prospects of Application in Medicine

Benderskiy, N.S., Safronenko, A.V., Kudelina, O.M. et al.
review Grade C Journal Biomed (Биомедицина)
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2022

Efficacy of hydrotherapy, spa therapy, and balneotherapy for psoriasis and atopic dermatitis: a systematic review

Jazani, Arezoo Moini, Ayati, Mohammad Hossein
review Grade A International Journal of Dermatology
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2022

Comparison of the efficacy of mud-pack and hot-pack treatments in chronic non-specific neck pain

Karaarslan, F., Yılmaz, H., Akkurt, H.E. et al.
rct Grade B Turkish Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
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2022

Evaluation of Healing Effects of Poultice Containing 0.5% Fulvic Acid on Male White-Male Rats with Skin Ulcer

Samiee-Rad, F., Hosseini Sedighi, S.F., Taherkhani, A. et al.
in-vivo Grade C Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery
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2022

Bioprospecting for Microorganisms in Peloids — Extreme Environment Known for Its Healing Properties

Vadlja, Denis, Bujak, Maro, Čož-Rakovac, Rozelindra et al.
review Grade C Frontiers in Marine Science
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2022

Anti-inflammatory activity and potential dermatological applications of characterized humic acids from a lignite and a green compost

Verrillo, M., Parisi, M., Savy, D. et al.
in-vitro Grade C Scientific Reports
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2021

Clinical efficacy of medical hydrology: an umbrella review

Antonelli, M., Donelli, D.
meta-analysis Grade A International Journal of Biometeorology
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2021

Effectiveness of peloid therapy in patients with chronic low back pain: a single-blind controlled study

Karaarslan, F., Yılmaz, H., Akkurt, H.E. et al.
rct Grade B International Journal of Biometeorology
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2021

From in vitro research to real life studies: an extensive narrative review of the effects of balneotherapy on human immune response

Maccarone, M., Magro, G.
review Grade B Sport Sciences for Health
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2021

Peloids as Thermotherapeutic Agents

Maraver, F., Armijo, F.
review Grade B International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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2021

Mud therapy and rehabilitation - scientific relevance in the last six years (2015-2020): Systematic literature review and meta-analysis based on the PRISMA paradigm

Munteanu, Constantin, Rotariu, Mariana, Dogaru, Gabriela et al.
meta-analysis Grade A Balneo and PRM Research Journal
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2021

Efficacy of Balneotherapy and Mud Therapy in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Literature Review

Raza, H.M.A., Krutulyte, G., Rimdeikiene, I. et al.
review Grade B Aktuelle Rheumatologie
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2020

A comprehensive analysis to understand the mechanism of action of balneotherapy: why, how, and where they can be used? Evidence from in vitro studies performed on human and animal samples

Cheleschi, S., Gallo, I.
review Grade B International Journal of Biometeorology
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2020

Mosses in biotechnology

Decker, E.L., Reski, R.
review Grade C Current Opinion in Biotechnology
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2020

Central European ethnomedical and officinal uses of peat

Drobnik, J., Stebel, A.
review Grade C
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2020

Peloid therapy for dermatological conditions

Gams, A.
review Grade B
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2020

Peat Therapeutics and Balneotherapy

Groven, Mark
review Grade B
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2020

Nordic Beauty® Peat — Technical Dossier (Identity Sheet, Technical Data Sheet, Safety Data Sheet, Applications Sheet)

The Innovation Company
case-study Grade D
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2020

Overview of Systematic Reviews with Meta-Analysis Based on Randomized Controlled Trials of Balneotherapy and Spa Therapy from 2000 to 2019

Kamioka, H., Nobuoka, S.
meta-analysis Grade A International Journal of General Medicine
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2020

Effect of Peat Intervention on Pain and Gait in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Prospective, Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Study

Kim, M., Lee, K.H., Han, S.H. et al.
rct Grade A Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
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2020

Application of topical peloid-derived humic acid suppresses allergic contact dermatitis

Zhernov, Y.V.
in-vivo Grade C World Allergy Organization Journal
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2019

The effect of balneotherapy and peloid therapy on changes in the functional state of patients with knee joint osteoarthritis: a randomized, controlled, single-blind pilot study

Varzaityte, L., Kubilius, R.
rct Grade A International Journal of Biometeorology
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2018

Efficacy of Spa Therapy, Mud-Pack Therapy, Balneotherapy, and Mud-Bath Therapy in the Management of Knee Osteoarthritis. A Systematic Review

Fraioli, Antonio, Mennuni, Gioacchino, Fontana, Mario et al.
review Grade B BioMed Research International
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2018

Balneotherapy, Immune System, and Stress Response: A Hormetic Strategy?

Gálvez, I., Torres-Piles, S.
review Grade B International Journal of Molecular Sciences
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2018

Evaluation of the Role of Balneotherapy in Rehabilitation Medicine

Matsumoto, S.
review Grade D Journal of Nippon Medical School
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2018

Therapeutic potential of fulvic acid in chronic inflammatory diseases and diabetes

Winkler, J., Ghosh, S.
review Grade B Journal of Diabetes Research
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2017

The role of mineral elements and other chemical compounds used in balneology: data from double-blind randomized clinical trials

Morer, C., Roques, C.-F., Françon, A. et al.
meta-analysis Grade B International Journal of Biometeorology
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2017

Balneological Outpatient Treatment for Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis; an Effective Non-Drug Therapy Option in Daily Routine?

Özkuk, K., Gürdal, H., Karagülle, M. et al.
rct Grade B International Journal of Biometeorology
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2015

Topical antifungals for seborrhoeic dermatitis

Okokon, Enembe O., Verbeek, Jos H., Ruotsalainen, Jani H. et al.
meta-analysis Grade A Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
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2015

Method for extraction of peat active substances and use of their combination in skin regenerating cosmetic formulations

Silamikele, B., Ramata-Stunda, A., Muiznieks, I.
other Grade C European Patent Application EP 2 878 342 A1
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2015

Microbiological characterization and sterilization-induced changes in the profile of the hydrophobic organic substances in Latvian balneological peat

Ramata-Stunda, A., Petriņa, Z.
cohort Grade B International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology
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2015

The anti-inflammatory properties of humic substances: A mini review

van Rensburg, Constance E.J.
review Grade A University of Pretoria repository (review article)
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2014

Fulvic acid as mineral transporter in biological systems

Pant, K.
review Grade C
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2013

Peloidtherapie: Ein Überblick zur Empirie und Evidenz am Beispiel der Heiltorftherapie

Beer, A.-M., Fetaj, S., Lange, U.
review Grade B Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie
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2013

Evidence-based hydro- and balneotherapy in Hungary — a systematic review and meta-analysis

Bender, T., Bálint, G.
meta-analysis Grade A International Journal of Biometeorology
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2013

Peloids and pelotherapy: Historical evolution, classification and glossary

Gomes, C., Carretero, M.I.
review Grade B Applied Clay Science
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2013

The effect of Neydharting mud-pack therapy on knee osteoarthritis: a randomized, controlled, double-blind follow-up pilot study

Tefner, Ildikó Katalin, Gaál, Ramóna, Koroknai, András et al.
rct Grade A Rheumatology International
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2013

Ülevaade raviturbast ja turbaravist (Review of therapeutic peat and peat therapy)

Übner, Monika
review Grade C University of Tartu, Pärnu College — Health Resort Laboratory
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2013

Expert Opinion on Estonian Balneological Peat

Übner, Monika
other Grade C University of Tartu Pärnu College, Health Resort Laboratory
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2012

Use of Peat as an Organic Raw Material

Bambalov, N.N.
review Grade C Solid Fuel Chemistry
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2012

Peat for Hair Treatment

Bovcon, Maria Laura, Cisterna, Miguel
case-study Grade D
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2012

Kylpyturpeen ominaisuudet ja laatusuositukset Suomessa (Characteristics and the quality guidelines of balneological peat in Finland)

Korhonen, R.
cohort Grade C Suo — Mires and Peat (Finnish Peatland Society)
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2012

Comparing the Efficacy of Mature Mud-Pack and Hot-Pack Treatments for Knee Osteoarthritis

Sarsan, A., Akkaya, N., Özgen, M. et al.
rct Grade B Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation
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2012

The UV-B protective effect of humic substances provide the basis for the development of a peat lipstick

Seel, Y., Guhr, M., Klöcking, R. et al.
in-vitro Grade D 14th International Peat Congress — Extended Abstract No. 344
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2011

Chemical properties of peat in three peatlands with balneological potential in Estonia

Orru, Mall, Übner, Monika, Orru, Hans
in-vitro Grade C Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences
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2010

Physical and chemical properties of Estonian balneological peat

Orru, Mall
cohort Grade B 8th International Symposium 'Topical Problems in the Field of Electrical and Power Engineering', Pärnu, Estonia
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2009

Efficacy of a Peat and Salsobromoiodic Water Mask in the Treatment of Seborrheic Dermatitis of the Face

Pedrinazzi, C., Andreoli, S., Battistini, E. et al.
rct Grade B Journal of Plastic Dermatology
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2009

Chemical properties of peat used in balneology

Szajdak, L., Hado, E.
review Grade B
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2009

Peat: A Natural Source for Dermatocosmetics and Dermatotherapeutics

Uwe Wollina
review Grade B Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery
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2008

Chemical character of humic acids isolated from raised bog

Gierlach-Hładoń, T., Szajdak, L.
in-vitro Grade D Proceedings of the 13th International Peat Congress (Peat Balneology section)
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2008

In vitro investigations on the effect of peat humic substances on inflammation

Klöcking, R., Junek, R., Kleiner, C. et al.
in-vitro Grade C Proceedings of the 13th International Peat Congress (Peat Balneology section)
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2008

Research Quality Guidelines and Use of Balneological Peat

Korhonen, R.
cohort Grade C Proceedings of the 13th International Peat Congress
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2008

Does mud pack treatment have any chemical effect? A randomized controlled clinical study

Odabasi, E., Turan, M., Erdem, H. et al.
rct Grade B Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine
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2007

Therapeutic effect of spa therapy and short wave therapy in knee osteoarthritis: a randomized, single blind, controlled trial

Cantarini, L., Leo, G., Giannitti, C. et al.
rct Grade B Rheumatology International
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2007

The efficacy of balneotherapy and mud-pack therapy in patients with knee osteoarthritis

Evcik, D., Kavuncu, V., Yeter, A. et al.
rct Grade B Joint Bone Spine
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2007

Eesti turba balneoloogiliste kasutamisvõimaluste uuring (III etapp) — Study of Balneological Uses of Estonian Peat (Stage III)

Orru, M., Orru, H., Tuulik, V.-R. et al.
cohort Grade C Estonian Geological Survey (Eesti Geoloogiakeskus)
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2007

Water-extractable humic substances alter root development and epidermal cell pattern in Arabidopsis

Schmidt, W., Santi, S., Pinton, R. et al.
in-vitro Grade C Plant and Soil
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2007

Inhibitory Effect of Fulvic Acid Extracted from Canadian Sphagnum Peat on Chemical Mediator Release by RBL-2H3 and KU812 Cells

Parida Yamada, Hiroko Isoda, Jun Kyu Han et al.
in-vitro Grade B Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry
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2006

HPLC determination of phenolic acids and antioxidant activity in concentrated peat extract — a natural immunomodulator

Tarnawski, M., Depta, K., Grejciun, D. et al.
in-vitro Grade B Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis
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2005

Medical aspects and applications of humic substances

Klöcking, R., Helbig, B.
review Grade B Biopolymers for Medical and Pharmaceutical Applications (Wiley-VCH)
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2005

Balneological Researches of Lehtosuo Mire in Ähtäri

Korhonen, R.
case-study Grade D Geological Survey of Finland (GTK) — client research report
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2005

Clinical observations of peat bath therapy effects on psoriatic patients

Leibaschoff, G.
cohort Grade C
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2005

Balneotherapy in medicine: A review

Nasermoaddeli, Ali, Kagamimori, Sadanobu
review Grade B Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine
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2005

Eesti turba balneoloogiliste kasutamisvõimaluste uuring (II etapp) — Study of Balneological Uses of Estonian Peat (Stage II)

Orru, M.
cohort Grade C Estonian Geological Survey (Eesti Geoloogiakeskus)
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2005

Zinc and skin health: overview of physiology and pharmacology

Schwartz, J.R.
review Grade B Dermatologic Surgery
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2004

Sulfur in dermatological therapy

Gupta, A.K.
review Grade B
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2004

Transdermal magnesium absorption from bath preparations

Waring, R.H.
cohort Grade C
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2003

Comparative Study of the Thermal Properties of Mud and Peat Solutions Applied in Clinical Practice

Beer, A., Grozeva, A.
cohort Grade B
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2003

Evaluation of the permeation of peat substances through human skin in vitro

Beer, André-M., Junginger, H.E., Lukanov, J. et al.
in-vitro Grade A International Journal of Pharmaceutics
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2003

Balneotherapy in dermatology

Matz, H., Orion, E.
review Grade B Dermatologic Therapy
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2002

Therapy with Mud Compresses for Knee Osteoarthritis: Comparison of Natural Mud Preparations with Mineral-Depleted Mud

Flusser, D., Abu-Shakra, M., Friger, M. et al.
rct Grade A Journal of Clinical Rheumatology
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2002

Investigation of the Anti-HIV Properties of Oxihumate

van Rensburg, C.E.J., Dekker, J., Weis, R. et al.
in-vitro Grade C Chemotherapy
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2001

The cosmetic use of an ancient peat of thermal origin

Morganti, P., Agostini, G., Fabrizi, G.
rct Grade B Journal of Applied Cosmetology
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2000

The influence of fulvic and ulmic acids from peat on the spontaneous contractile activity of smooth muscles

Beer, A.-M., Lukanov, J., Sagorchev, P.
in-vitro Grade B Phytomedicine
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2000

The Research on Antioxidative Properties of TOŁPA Peat Preparation and Its Fractions

Piotrowska, D., Długosz, A., Witkiewicz, K. et al.
in-vitro Grade C Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica
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2000

An in vitro investigation of the antimicrobial activity of oxifulvic acid

van Rensburg, C.E.J., van Straten, A., Dekker, J.
in-vitro Grade C Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
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1996

Structure-antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoids and phenolic acids

Rice-Evans, C.A., Miller, N.J., Paganga, G.
review Grade A Free Radical Biology and Medicine
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1994

Balneology and spa treatments in dermatology: The european point of view

Lotti, T., Freedman, D.
review Grade D Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (JEADV)
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1994

Humus Chemistry: Genesis, Composition, Reactions

Stevenson, F.J.
review Grade A Wiley (book, 2nd edition)
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1993

Effect of Tołpa Peat Preparation on Some Immune Parameters in Healthy Volunteers. Preliminary Data

Baj, Z., Zeman, K., Sułowska, Z. et al.
cohort Grade C Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica
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1993

Systemic Toxicity and Dermal Irritation of Tołpa Peat Preparation

Czyzewska-Szafran, H., Jastrzebski, Z., Sołtysiak-Pawluczuk, D. et al.
in-vitro Grade C Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica
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1993

Tołpa Torf Preparation (TTP) Induces Interferon and Tumor Necrosis Factor Production in Human Peripheral Blood Leukocytes

Inglot, A.D., Zielińska-Jenczylik, J., Piasecki, E.
in-vitro Grade C Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
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1992

Humic substances and associated small molecules from peats in balneology

Flaig, W.
review Grade B Science of The Total Environment
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1991

Lindow man, Tollund man and other peat-bog bodies: the preservative and antimicrobial action of sphagnan, a reactive glycuronoglycan with tanning and sequestering properties

Painter, T.J.
review Grade B Carbohydrate Polymers
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1991

Antimicrobial properties of tannins

Scalbert, A.
review Grade B Phytochemistry
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1978

Studies on the antimicrobial effect of natural and synthetic humic acids

Ansorg, R., Rochus, W.
in-vitro Grade B Arzneimittel-Forschung
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